Sustainability
enviroCAB sets a green example in Arlington
Last spring Arlington approved a new cab company, enviroCAB, to provide taxicab service in the county. It was the first new taxi company in Arlington in at least twenty-five years. All its vehicles are hybrids, challenging the status quo of the Crown Victorias other companies use. Most of the time a cab carries a single passenger, so providing a more fuel efficient choice seems like a no-brainer: why drive around in a Crown Vic to just carry one person?

An enviroCAB waits at the East Falls Church Metro cab stand.
Most exciting of all, now the other companies, are running many hybrid taxis, too. By approving enviroCAB, the Arlington County Board has begun transforming the taxi market in the county. Do you know if this has started spilling over to the adjoining jurisdictions? DC still has no hybrid taxis.
At an Arlington hearing last year, where enviroCAB argued its case for introducing the service, many competitors presented insubstantial and shortsighted arguments for keeping enviroCAB out. Fortunately, the county saw past those arguments and made the foresighted decision. Next time you are cabbing in or out of Arlington, you can call them at (703) 920-3333.
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Although the driver was friendly, and the car was nice and new (I think they're all Priuses or hyrbid Camrys), was surprised even a new cabdriver couldn't find one of the most important destinations in the county.
by nashpaul on Jan 5, 2009 8:40 am
Are their rates thus cheaper than traditional taxis? Or do they pocket the savings instead of them on to the consumer?
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 9:14 am
by Anonymous on Jan 5, 2009 9:19 am
by Alex B. on Jan 5, 2009 9:23 am
The localities set the cab rates, and it's a lot more expensive to buy a new Prius or Camry Hybrid than it is to buy a used Crown Vic. The used Crown Victoria is what a lot of cabbies in DC will buy or lease to get into the business.
The economics - especially now with gasoline prices low - are in favor of the old gas-guzzlers.
What we need are tax incentives and other incentives by the DC government to help bring cleaner, more fuel-efficient cabs into the District. And, when the right entrepreneur comes along, we must support that person and patronize their company.
by Mike S. on Jan 5, 2009 10:00 am
Cabbies are in favor of fixed rates for the same reason the railroad trusts were in favor of the Interstate Commerce Commission- on paper it was 'regulation' but it did nothing else but construct a barrier to entry. If I want to become a cabbie, I now have to go through a layer of red tape. Less cabbies=less competition.
So everyone's better off I guess, except for, oh yea, the consumers.
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 10:17 am
Cabs in DC are, have been, and always will be a make-work program for the DC government. Dc will never have fuel efficient cabs, let alone a decent cab system like NYC or London, until the taxi cab commission is gutted and overhauled.
by monkeyrotica on Jan 5, 2009 10:19 am
But isn't that the point? Ever notice how over time every regulatory board seems to be infected by the very industry it's trying to regulate? Railroads, enviromental laws, taxis, etc.
It's not something that wishful thinking can do away with. It's an endemic issue with any regulatory board: when you give it power over industry X, the members of that industry have an incentive to leverage influence over it, and they invariably do.
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 10:28 am
by Bianchi on Jan 5, 2009 10:56 am
by David C on Jan 5, 2009 12:12 pm
by David Cr on Jan 5, 2009 12:14 pm
by Vik on Jan 5, 2009 12:25 pm
How do you deregulate taxi fares? Do you mean the taxi driver can charge whatever he wants? Especially when it's raining or snowing? Or when I have a heavy package?
Right now, the problem is that anybody with $500 can buy a used Marquis or Crown Victoria with 150,000 miles on it that's been jettisoned from the Virginia fleet and bring it into DC and hire some poor stiff from the Third World to drive it around town. Legally. And there have been scandals and convictions involving the sale of safety inspection stickers.
New York mandates what's in the city's taxi fleet. DC could, but considering the city's inefficiency and dishonest bureaucracy, I can't see it happening soon with any degree of integrity.
So if we want hybrid cabs, we might urge the city to give them a break on the taxes and fees. Put a clean air taxi on the street, no license fee and free inspections for three years. That kind of thing. It's not a huge expenditure we're talking about...but an incentive.
by Mike S. on Jan 5, 2009 1:40 pm
Absolutely. First of all, prices aren't really set by the cabbie, but by buyers and sellers in the market. That's econ 101.
Rain and snow is risk to the driver, and thus you pay a premium on the risk. Would you pay higher to a valet service to ensure your car wasn't parked in a ghetto? Same concept, a risk premium.
What difference does it make if you're carrying a large package or not. So your demand curve is less elastic, but if it's 'evil' for him to profit off of that, wouldn't your consumer profit off the transaction if he couldn't raise the price be just as evil? Airlines price discriminate all the time; it's just a matter of charging consumers what they're willing to pay.
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 1:56 pm
by Bianchi on Jan 5, 2009 2:01 pm
And I'm not saying there shouldn't be oversight either, just less regulation, in general. Seems like theres too much corruption and politicking between the gov't and cab companies.
And in general, I'm alright with a set fare system, but conceptually, I think something like deregulating fares would work, it doesn't seem too complex for it not too, it's just a taxi, not like a utility company.
by Vik on Jan 5, 2009 2:06 pm
You don't want cheaper fare? According the the OP, the hybrid taxis are more fuel efficicent and (not counting overhead) have lower average costs, thus lower fares.
You don't like lower fares?
I do not want to haggle over a fare every time I get in a taxi. I know what to expect and I like it that way.
Haggling isn't involved. They charge a price and if you don't like it you don't take the cab. When I say prices are set by buyers and sellers, it's meant to be taken in the abstract sense.
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 2:08 pm
The predictability is too important and of far more value to me than the actual cost. This is one of those things where a totally free market sounds good on paper, but that of course assumes all consumers are making their decisions with perfect information - and when people are hailing cabs on the street, that most certainly is not the case.
Instead, there should be a method of auditing and re-evaluating cab rates at regular intervals.
by Alex B. on Jan 5, 2009 2:21 pm
And where is this asymmerty of information you preceive? We require that their fares be advertised and you get to choose whether you want to use the cab or not.
How is that different from any other good or service out there?
And do you honestly expect that a regulatory board could ever possibly keep up with all the factors which go into price? I guess since there's no recorded case in history of price controls working, DC taxicabs are a great place to start using them.
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 2:27 pm
If you remove pre-set prices I would expect prices to go up and quality of service to go down.
You will have an unbalanced market place where the seller is significantly more informed than the buyer. In such a system the first price offered by the seller is always well above market rate. Some buyers take it and some, more savvy buyers, don't. So it'll screw tourists. In addition you're talking about pulling a taxi over, asking him his price and then either paying it or rejecting it and sending him on his way. This means every time you need a taxi, you'll need to flag down several to get the right price or overpay. It is better in such a situation for buyers to negotiate one price beforehand.
In addition what happens to patrons who need to go to 'bad' neighborhoods? Now, they're protected by laws, but under a dynamic pricing system a drive need only demand $300 to avoid taking a fare they don't want.
I suppose it could work if taxis printed their prices on the outside of the taxi ($1.00 flag, $75/mile, $1 additional passenger, No trunk fee, etc... With simpler=better) but that would make it tough to modify prices quickly.
by David C on Jan 5, 2009 2:27 pm
Right now, I know the rates of any cab I get in just off the top of my head.
If I had to go down to the street and hail cabs and then evaluate their fares, don't you think that would cause a bit of a mess?
If you don't like price controls, then implement some sort of periodic audit and readjustment of the rates. Still, the public benefits from having set rates. They know what fares will be, they can efficiently hail and get in cabs without clogging traffic as they negotiate rates, etc.
Raw economic efficiency is often impractical.
I'm not trying to defend DC's cabs here, I've had more than my share of bad experiences. But the idea that set rates are somehow bad for the public is odd, to say the least.
Can you name me one North American city that has cab rates floating as you propose?
by Alex B. on Jan 5, 2009 2:36 pm
Find any economist that agrees with that statement and I'll take the rest of your post seriously. I don't mean to be snide, but there is essentially no economic literature out there whatsoever that supports that line of thought.
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 2:37 pm
Again, do you have a case study of deregulated taxi cabs for us to examine?
by Alex B. on Jan 5, 2009 2:45 pm
but omg they'll discriminate against the blacks!!11!.
Possibly, and my guess is there are enough taxi drivers out there would be more than happy to pick up that segment of the demand for taxi customers.
So it'll screw tourists.
And amusement parks, restaurants near attractions and hotels don't?
They know what fares will be, they can efficiently hail and get in cabs without clogging traffic as they negotiate rates, etc.
Would you shop at a place if it didn't post how much it's stuff cost? It's generally bad business to not post your prices.
Can you name me one North American city that has cab rates floating as you propose?
I can't off the top of my head. But it's pretty easy to emprically show that price controls result in shortages and surpluses.
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 2:46 pm
Wow, EG, it sounds like you're incredibly unconcerned about that, or what happens to black people generally. Are they one of your myriad "risks" that "astute", "rational" business people have to "manage"?
Meanwhile, people are choosing a taxicab service for reasons that you apparently don't like or understand: the quality of the service, rather than the price. I'm sure that if you wanted to start up a "market-oriented" tap-tap jitney service like one expects in developing countries, nothing is preventing you but the law.
by Daniel M. Laenker on Jan 5, 2009 2:55 pm
And again, is the taxicab driver a ward of the state? Must he be required to drive someone to Trinidad at 2 AM if he doesn't want to?
@whoever wanted academic support-
"It is found that many of the characteristics of taxi markets that would appear to confirm the monopolistic-competition arise because of the nature of regulation of these markets"
"Capacity Utilization under Alternative Regulatory Restraints: An Analysis of Taxi Markets", 1975
Arthur S De Vany, Texas A&M Univeristy, available on JSTOR
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 3:01 pm
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 3:02 pm
And you're more than welcome to patronize taxi services which offer 'better' service for higher prices. As long as I have the choice myself to take 'worse' service for a lower price, that's fine by me.
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 3:14 pm
So to add the discussion, regulated cab fares also constitute a kind of minimum wage. They guarantee a homeless person who lives in his car doesn't drastically undercut the price of a cab.
Is that a good thing? :shrug:
by BeyondDC on Jan 5, 2009 3:15 pm
Price floors lead to overproduction (surpluses). We refer to surplus labor as unemployment.
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 3:19 pm
If I'm calling a cab to be dispatched or picking one up from a busy cab stand, then sure, I'm willing to comparison shop. But if I'm standing on a streetcorner trying to hail the first cab that comes along, then I don't want to have to watch 3 or 4 go by because they're too cheap or too expensive for my tastes.
So, from the perspective of the city serving its citizens, I can understand why uniform service is a desirable trait.
What would happen, I wonder, if regulations were written to make all street cabs uniform, but to allow call-a-cabs to set their own fares.
by BeyondDC on Jan 5, 2009 3:20 pm
Here's a paper on the subject which argues that "the use of a centralised intermediary in deregulated taxi markets can overcome these problems so that the benefits of competition are maximised, without the need for government fare regulation."
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118587807/abstract
So even here an intermediary, other than the government is needed. And this appears to be only a theory.
It's pretty common economics thinking. I am resisting the urge to be snarky here so instead let me ask that you be more cautious with your snideness. Perhaps the statement
"That is an interesting theory that differs with everything I've been taught. Do you know of any literature that backs it up?"
Would be less offputting.
by David C on Jan 5, 2009 3:21 pm
Additionally, for the price to go down for buyers there must be a surplus of taxis due to the artificially high price. If the price went down some taxis would leave the market and we'd all be waiting longer for a taxi. There's a cost to that too.
by David C on Jan 5, 2009 3:29 pm
EG, I have not noticed a shortage or surplus of cabs where I generally catch them. Like i said I don't have any complaints about cabs in DC generally. Well, maybe now I have one: I want to be able to choose a hybrid...
by Bianchi on Jan 5, 2009 3:29 pm
They are certainly transaction costs, but in most other cases, transaction costs are certainly borne by the conusmer anyways. I go back to the price discrimination example with airlines: The business traveler who books the day before a flight will be charged more than a family who booked 3 months ago.
If price discrimination is legal in other industries, why ban it in the taxicab industry? Besides, I see two scenarios where someone would take a cab: A- where he calls a cab to come and pick up him, whereby he can shop around before making the appointment, or B- the rush-hour patron who is trying to save time (as I mentioned above), but since it tends to be a large market at that time of day (rush hour), we would expect a larger supply of taxis to meet demand, thus giving the customer a chance to compare prices of the cabs.
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 3:30 pm
At some point, our consumer protection laws (which allow us to dictate the definitions of advertised words, like "taxi service") have to cut in and prevent either unscrupulous after-the-fact demands, or before-the-fact haggling which stops a lane of a busy street for five minutes.
A clear, concise, non-exploitative cab fare which is generally agreed upon is of major utility to a city, whether it's moderately overpriced or not. It can be adjusted by fiat if complaints are loud enough.
For a cab fleet, I see no reason to go to NYC's restrictive tactics unless we're actually restricting downtown traffic (and implicitly cutting out most normal cars).
Yes, a safety-inspection medallion & standardized fare collection should be used, but they shouldn't be limited to a set number of cars every year. If they want to distribute authorization along corporate lines (so they can appoint an overseer to one location, say), then as long as they keep the barrier to entry low, the service & fleet size should remain responsive to demand.
by Squalish on Jan 5, 2009 3:37 pm
So EG, what happens at the taxi stand at National? (The other time i often take a cab). Currently departing travellers stand in line and take the next cab available while there is an airport employee organizing the process. What chaos to you propose in the name of "market forces" in that situation? Won't that be fun after a 12 hr flight.
by Bianchi on Jan 5, 2009 3:38 pm
We'd need lots of oversight to make sure that companies aren't cutting corners to increase their margins if the competition was high, though. Perhaps the gov't and a private company w/ some external review or something.
by Vik on Jan 5, 2009 3:40 pm
by Squalish on Jan 5, 2009 3:42 pm
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 3:43 pm
For the transaction cost of waiting for the right cab to be worth it to me (and I suspect for most riders who hail cabs), there would have to be a drastic oversupply of them. If I'm going to watch 3 or 4 empty cabs go by before picking one I want, then there had better be an empty cab going by every 10 seconds. Unfortunately, we don't have the cab-riding population density in DC to support that level of cab service. Very few places do.
Now, dispatch services, different story. I'd totally be willing to comparison shop for a dispatch. Indeed, comparison shopping is already available for *some* such services. If I need a ride to the airport (and for some reason aren't using transit), I can pay less for a SuperShuttle that will make a handful of other stops and therefore be less convenient.
by BeyondDC on Jan 5, 2009 3:45 pm
Squalish: you're arguing with a "libertarian" on the Internet. Not only does EG encourage these things to happen, he considers it ideal for minors to be paid slave wages to drive taxicabs, thus enabling him to have both full employment and the lowest fare possible. Furthermore, it is more important that things are negotiable than functional, and Haiti and the Philippines are seen as ideal providers of transportation services on this level.
by Daniel M. Laenker on Jan 5, 2009 3:45 pm
I'm talking about the concept of price discrimination. I should have picked an example outside of the transportation industry. But the truth of the matter is that as someone's time-frame of purchase decreases, their willingness to pay a higher price to ensure they receive that good or service increases.
by economic geography on Jan 5, 2009 3:48 pm
by BeyondDC on Jan 5, 2009 3:49 pm
Economics starts with the equation of supply and demand, but doesn't end there. Real economists know that when there are big barriers to entry, markets don't function freely.
The more genuine libertarian argument would be that National shouldn't have just one taxi stand, but taxi companies and operators can run their own kiosks in the airport and compete for customers where customers can compare choices. That still probably wouldn't work, but it's at least not as patently ridiculous as "National Airport [a public entity] is free to [use their monopoly power to] implement whatever system they want [because] no one is forced to use National Airport."
by David Alpert on Jan 5, 2009 3:49 pm
by Bianchi on Jan 5, 2009 3:49 pm
lolwut?
The only way we'll see rickshaws in the streets is if that's what people want to get around on. Somehow I think the tastes of the average DC area resident involves cars that function.
Of course regulation is so much better and never fails the consumer, just look at Metrolink's impeccable safety record in Southern California. I was so silly to assume otherwise.
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 3:51 pm
But their willingness to spend time haggling over the price goes down, which explains why consumers favor restricting the market in order to ensure quick/easy service on a mode of travel generally used by people who need quick/easy service.
The point of taxis is not to get around at whatever cost I want. If I want to do things more cheaply, I can take transit. If I want to do things more expensively, I can buy a car. The point of street taxis is to make quick/easy transportation available on an as-needed basis. It defeats the entire purpose of the mode if you have to go to a lot of trouble to use it.
by BeyondDC on Jan 5, 2009 3:54 pm
by Gavin on Jan 5, 2009 3:54 pm
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/03/AR2009010300057.html
This was on the front page of yesterday's WashPost Bussiness section! Did someone say rickshaws would never be found in DC??? ;-)
by Bianchi on Jan 5, 2009 4:16 pm
by Economic Geography on Jan 5, 2009 4:24 pm
But yeah, we need hybrid cabs stat, it's ridiculous a city like DC doesn't have any yet.
Rickshaws are fine for certain distances and purposes. Again, the option of having a rickshaw if there is demand is something we ought to have and we do, fortunately.
by Vik on Jan 5, 2009 4:26 pm
by Daniel M. Laenker on Jan 5, 2009 4:27 pm
by Daniel M. Laenker on Jan 5, 2009 4:30 pm
That means the large suburban cab companies that would have the resources and the desire to do hybrid cabs can't open shop in DC.
So we are left with the crappy cab companies we currently have.
Nothing quite like an unelected city agency dictating policy and creating a monopoly to protect a dismally substandard status quo.
Until that changes, cabs in DC will suck forevermore and a day.
by Hillman on Jan 6, 2009 1:39 pm