Transit
H Street bus "spider map" can demystify bus service
More people would likely ride the bus if service were more convenient. But would more people use the existing service if it were just easier to understand?
A few weeks ago, this blog discussed "spider maps," used widely in London. They are one tool to better communicate bus service. I created a similar map for the H Street neighborhood:
Rather than attempt to communicate the entire route network, a spider map only shows the routes that serve stops within walking distance. Like London's famous Tube map, it also forgoes the geographic accuracy of a street map for a simplified diagram of connections and destinations. It answers the questions "where can I go from here?" and "what bus do I take to get there?" without adding unnecessary information.
When I lived in South London, with no car and a long walk from the Tube, I moved across the city by bus using spider maps. They gave me a clear mental image of the destinations I could travel to from my regular neighborhoods. I also knew that if I found myself someplace new, I could use these maps to easily find a bus home without pre-planning my trip.
After moving to DC a year ago, still with no car, I've yet to figure out where a bus can take me from my own neighborhood. For many trips, I'd be happy to take a bus, but because of the effort it takes to figure out the system, it's usually easier not to bother.
The Mobility Lab is hoping to develop a program to generate user-customized spider maps, and will work on it at Saturday's hack day. In anticipation of this project, and to demystify one corner of the bus network, I've designed this modified version of a London spider map for the H Street NE area, designed to fit in poster slots at bus shelters.
Consider your challenges if you're a new bus rider in this neighborhood. Some stops have no information at all beyond the route number. If you're not already a regular on this route, you're out of luck. Many stops have a small route map on the sign post:
There's some useful street information in there if you can find it, but it's far from ideal. How do you know where you are this map? If this bus doesn't take you where you want to go, is there a nearby bus that will?
You might try to get a bigger picture with the Metrobus service map available online and posted at some bus shelters. It shows all services on a street map of the entire District, which is much more information than you need, and it's quite difficult to decipher. Here's the H Street area:
To figure out which of those red lines connect to which other red lines, you'll have to try to connect the dots between labels, and in many cases it's just a guess. The Metrorail red line looks like a bus line. The B2 is green because it goes to Maryland, which is helpful if that's where you're headed, but doesn't really matter to you if your destination is on the other 95% of the route. Downtown is removed in a separate inset. Figuring out how you can get across town will require patience and determination. (The older version of the map actually used more colors, but Metro changed to this more confusing version in 2009.)
A few shelters offer an improvement on this map that highlights only the routes from that particular stop. This is the right idea, and it's an easy way to quickly improve legibility. But it still simultaneously gives the H Street rider too much information (a street map of Tenleytown, for example) and too little.

Some maps would be more useful if they showed additional routes nearby (top left). Others (bottom) show two services equally, even though one only runs on weekday mornings. At a stop on Bladensburg Road, the map (top right) says that the X2 down Benning Road stops there, but it's actually across the street.
By this point, you've probably given up and are taking a cab. It's a shame when transit is under-utilized because of poor information.
The spider map makes bus service more visible and understandable by focusing on the only the information relevant to your current options. Its focus area is more than a single stop, but less than the entire system. Within the focus area, it shows clearly where each stop is and which line it serves:
Outside the neighborhood, each separate route has a separate line. The diagram gives the names of all major streets and neighborhoods these routes serve, but it doesn't add clutter with a full street map. It shows all Metrorail connections, but not the bus routes outside the focus area.

My design makes a few modifications to London's in adapting the style to DC For example, in London, you can expect most buses to run with reasonable frequency throughout normal operating hours. This is far from true in Washington. If you see the X3 on a map and think it will be a convenient trip from the Atlas District to U Street, it will be very important for you to figure out that you can only make that trip on weekday mornings. My design gives limited service routes a different graphical treatment and a clear label.

I also include a table of approximate service frequencies. (Riders would ideally check their route's detailed timetable at that route's particular stop.) Metro's current stop-specific maps offer this table, but not for the nearby services that may provide better options.

In addition, London's maps generally cover a smaller area, perhaps a major intersection or the roads surrounding a rail station. I could have created two separate maps for this area (one around 8th Street and one for the Starburst intersection at the eastern end of H Street), but these intersections have fewer routes than the equivalent in London. In Washington, there's a greater likelihood that you'll have to walk farther to get the bus you need, so I use an expanded area.
This map shows the bus routes through the central street map, whereas London omits the route lines and directs riders to the appropriate stop using a system of letters. In part, this is to avoid the spaghetti mess that would result in showing routes through intersections like these:

It's also necessary because in London, adjacent stops may serve different routes on the same street, and the letter system helps riders identify the stop they need. It's true that the exact routing is unimportant; all the rider needs to know is where the stop is, and where the bus will go. But the DC routes are straightforward enough to show, and with only a few exceptions, every bus serves every stop it passes. (The exceptions are made clear with symbols on each individual line.)
Finally, while the spider map style favors graphic economy over geographic accuracy, I've included more geographic clues than London maps do. These include the rivers, the Mall, the District boundary, and the quadrants. London's labyrinthine streets are famously difficult to navigate or conceptualize, but the L'Enfant grid is a coherent orientation tool for most Washingtonians. I take advantage of those mental reference points by maintaining some diagonal angles, showing most major turns, and placing all stops in their correct quadrant. This level of fidelity means the map doesn't get quite the spatial compression of London maps, but it still saves space and removes noise from the full-scale District map.
One modification worth considering is adding information on bus transfers. London buses offer better point-to-point service, but in Washington you may want to know what other routes you can pick up. For simplicity's sake, I've omitted them here, but a better design decision would be based on data on the frequency of bus-to-bus transfers.
The spider map is not a standalone solution. It works best with complementary signage, sign-post maps, and timetables that are stop- or route-specific. Personalized tools and mobile applications are critical rider resources as well, and the Mobility Lab's projects hope to add real value here. My bet is that a system of spider maps
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One quick rejoinder: Isn't the purpose of the maps right now to discourage ridership?
by charlie on Sep 8, 2011 12:01 pm • link • report
Not everyone has a smart phone! As such good information is essential if one wants to increase ridership.
by Vincent on Sep 8, 2011 12:13 pm • link • report
by Grif on Sep 8, 2011 12:17 pm • link • report
by Ken Conaway on Sep 8, 2011 12:19 pm • link • report
by Kevin Cole on Sep 8, 2011 12:19 pm • link • report
by cmc on Sep 8, 2011 12:28 pm • link • report
by miriam on Sep 8, 2011 12:28 pm • link • report
by Steve on Sep 8, 2011 12:28 pm • link • report
by Kevin Cole on Sep 8, 2011 12:29 pm • link • report
The 7 digit stop ID numbers are the regional stop ID numbers for all the bus stops in the Metro area. I personally think Metro should have gone with 5 digits to make things easier because at times, it hard to remember the exact stop ID number, but they have different stop ID numbers in the scheduling system that are different from the stops in NextBus.
by Ken Conaway on Sep 8, 2011 12:33 pm • link • report
Unfortunately, many people still find the buses- especially those in NE DC- scary, which is why they don't take them. I'm amazed at the number of people I've met who've lived in DC for years who have NEVER taken a bus. I tried to organize an event on H street once, but was turned down because it's not "metro accessible" and asking people to take a bus was out of the question.
by Tom A. on Sep 8, 2011 12:49 pm • link • report
by Phil on Sep 8, 2011 12:52 pm • link • report
by Shannon on Sep 8, 2011 12:57 pm • link • report
by Will on Sep 8, 2011 12:58 pm • link • report
by Will on Sep 8, 2011 12:59 pm • link • report
I have been in DC 10+ years and while I have taught myself the bus routes that are convenient for stuff I do, I am regularly flummoxed by trying to go anywhere off my beaten path. Maps similar to what you've done, particularly if they were smart-phone enabled, would be an excellent reform of the current bus information available from Metro.
I wonder if bus ridership would increase if people understood better where they could go? I'd guess so.
by Anon2 on Sep 8, 2011 1:00 pm • link • report
I think showing routes along a single backbone was the right choice in this case -- so many people are walking H Street that the proper boundary for the neighborhood extends the whole length of it. (For reference, you might look at what San Francisco did to try to demystify their very complex Market St. backbone: http://transit.511.org/static/providers/maps/SF_10262010101811.gif)
What's the shaded light yellow region? I don't see it referred to in your legend or your post -- is that a 20/30 minute travel time boundary?
by Matt Caywood on Sep 8, 2011 1:09 pm • link • report
by Stephen Miller on Sep 8, 2011 1:11 pm • link • report
by Peter Dunn on Sep 8, 2011 1:19 pm • link • report
by Ken Conaway on Sep 8, 2011 1:23 pm • link • report
And yet the various local agencies that have deployed AVL have chosen to use their own stop numbers, rather than adopting WMATA's regional numbering scheme; ART uses their own stop numbers in Connexionz, and Ride On has also used their own stop numbers for whatever it is that they're deploying (something on top of OrbCAD, as far as I know), and of course none of that correlates with what's in the GTFS feed.
Related to Kevin Cole's point, though, WMATA could do a much better job of identifying stops at stations and major transfer points. These identifiers don't have to be unique, since they're only used to correlate between physical stops and maps at that station, akin to what you see in London. WMATA tries to do this in the emergency evacuation maps, yet, bizarrely, they note that "The lettered discs on this map will help you locate the bus stop or bay near this station. Be advised they are not displayed at the on street bus stops." Why not? How hard could it be to mount a lettered disc to the top of the pole? I find that baffling.
by Kurt Raschke on Sep 8, 2011 1:28 pm • link • report
I'm printing a huge copy of this for the back of my bedroom door. Super useful
by East_H on Sep 8, 2011 1:30 pm • link • report
Yeah, I understand the use of the numeric codes for NextBus, and various apps. However, from a more "analog" perspective, London's local lettering system, integrating each map with the surrounding stops made life very easy without a smartphone.
(It's not an either/or situation. List both the "global" ID and a "local" ID, add an RFID chip somewhere, etc.)
by Kevin Cole on Sep 8, 2011 1:43 pm • link • report
I understand my own line by my house, and I can plan a trip somewhere new (with some effort) if I have time and intenet before hand. But extemporaneous riding? No, never. It would be great if, for an example, when an afternoon took me to H St. NE (an only occasional destination for me), I could easily and confidently select the bus home.
Bravo to this idea!
by Sara on Sep 8, 2011 1:47 pm • link • report
People complain because of the maps, but also because of the lag time. You could birth a child before a 90's bus comes along on the weekends.
by greent on Sep 8, 2011 1:50 pm • link • report
They have similar maps for the Paris bus system, which was easy as pie to figure out when I lived there. It took me a couple of months to get comfortable with my bus options in each neighborhood I've lived in here in DC. This would make the bus a lot more accessible!
by Liz on Sep 8, 2011 1:52 pm • link • report
Funny thing is that when I moved here, for a minute I lived in MD and had to figure out how to get from suitland to springfield. Although this would be huge improvement over the current map design, I've fared pretty well using the existing one.
by HogWash on Sep 8, 2011 1:53 pm • link • report
by HogWash on Sep 8, 2011 1:55 pm • link • report
Two changes I might make: more clearly mark the street names along which buses run (outside the focus area but within the mile radius) and vary line thickness to represent service frequency. Awesome job on the use of color--I think that accomplishes so much. It reminds me of Paris' bus maps which I loved.
by Jon Morgan on Sep 8, 2011 1:58 pm • link • report
I have GOT to get _Transit Maps of the World_ for my birthday! :)
by Jon Morgan on Sep 8, 2011 2:06 pm • link • report
by Paul on Sep 8, 2011 2:07 pm • link • report
I think it's unfortunate, but the perception of buses is just very low in DC (among middle and higher-income classes - with the exception of the D5, L2, 38B and D6 and 30's going West) and I'm not sure it's just helpful maps that are going to make a difference. We have a great fleet of buses, great drivers (with the exception (possibly) of that guy who got in a fight), and they go EVERYWHERE; it's time people stop living underground like moles and rediscover the bus! I'm just not sure what the silver bullet (if there is one) is to make more people recognize how great the buses really are.
by Shipsa01 on Sep 8, 2011 2:19 pm • link • report
by Jon Morgan on Sep 8, 2011 2:26 pm • link • report
by NikolasM on Sep 8, 2011 2:57 pm • link • report
by Richard Layman on Sep 8, 2011 3:04 pm • link • report
I think that is more true when we talk about DC-area transplants. And west of Rock Creek Park, many riders are completley fine with taking the bus (N2, N4). Many middle and upper class DC natives are fine with taking the bus.....
by AA on Sep 8, 2011 3:10 pm • link • report
by Peter Dunn on Sep 8, 2011 3:15 pm • link • report
by NikolasM on Sep 8, 2011 3:29 pm • link • report
by Shipsa01 on Sep 8, 2011 3:56 pm • link • report
by Peter Dunn on Sep 8, 2011 4:14 pm • link • report
by Shipsa01 on Sep 8, 2011 4:42 pm • link • report
by Tom Fairchild on Sep 8, 2011 5:53 pm • link • report
by dcseain on Sep 8, 2011 6:19 pm • link • report
by A-lo on Sep 8, 2011 7:40 pm • link • report
by Shipsa01 on Sep 8, 2011 7:50 pm • link • report
by Patrick on Sep 9, 2011 10:24 am • link • report
This is why it's great to have open transit data. There are many, many more people that don't work for the government than those that do, and this leverages their abilities.
I'm not upset with DDOT and WMATA for not doing this themselves. We should recognize that running transportation is their core competency, and the many great designers and coders out there can do things that they just won't ever have the money or the organizational orientation to do. The best agencies eagerly work with people outside to encourage them to do things like this and then perhaps bring the best of the innovations (and people) in-house.
by David Alpert on Sep 9, 2011 10:59 am • link • report
Still, I make a point that bus shelters are key touchpoints for marketing transit and the quality of the design of the shelter and marketing communications products at the shelter (signage, maps and other materials in shelters, design of the bus) communicates-markets the system. Hot maps, great bus designs, signage, etc., is a fundamental component.
Especially because people walk by shelters and bus stops whether or not they use the service. Since transit isn't really marketed, the shelters and signs are the closest to marketing that transit systems might be doing.
There is a report out that is excellent on marketing transit. http://urbanplacesandspaces.blogspot.com/2011/07/amazing-new-report-on-transit-marketing.html
There is also the More Riders publication and website which I've meant to try to write for, but haven't gotten around to it.
WRT Jon Morgan's comment about Jarrett Walker, I think the point of his you are referring to is the "high frequency transit network" concept as a subnetwork of the overall system. It's not just a map thing.
It's about how certain bus lines have a "high frequency." Portland, Minneapolis, and Montreal do this among others.
- http://www.cat-bus.com/2010/08/towards-a-frequent-network-map-for-montreal/
In DC, the Circulator combines this concept with the branding identity stuff that gets people all excited.
- http://urbanplacesandspaces.blogspot.com/2010/12/methodology-for-determining-transit.html
From the standpoint of Kevin Lynch's point about "legibility" (of cities but extended to transit), with the graphic design identity of the Circulator combined with the frequency, you have a more legible bus service, as a subset of what appears to be a not very understandable network.
by Richard Layman on Sep 9, 2011 12:30 pm • link • report
The other thing that I love about London's signage, and sorely miss everywhere else, are the signs that say which direction the bus is going at the stop - so you can always make sure you're standing on the correct side of the street.
by Woyce on Sep 9, 2011 1:01 pm • link • report
by Matt Eldridge on Sep 9, 2011 1:27 pm • link • report
by kk on Sep 9, 2011 9:41 pm • link • report
by Mark K on Sep 12, 2011 11:45 am • link • report
While I still think that adding ids to every stop would unnecessarily clutter the map:
(1) are there bus ids generally, as opposed to stop ids? (I don't use this service, so I don't know how it works exactly.)
(2) in any case, you could put a couple of ids at the map at key locations, e.g., at 8th and H, 14th and H, 11th and H, 6th and H, etc., because that is going to get you the info that you basically need, without having to drill down to every stop.
On another point, I think I agree with the person who suggested including the D6. It's close enough to the corridor to impact travel decisions. And just including it in an equivalent "Capitol Hill" spider map might not be enough.
by Richard Layman on Sep 13, 2011 2:10 pm • link • report
(You can see it if you suffer through the ad at http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/tom-toles-goes-local/2011/03/03/ABNG4Gs_gallery.html)
by Kevin Cole on Sep 14, 2011 12:42 pm • link • report
by Matt Caywood on Sep 14, 2011 3:36 pm • link • report
by Meredith on Sep 24, 2011 1:49 am • link • report
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